Social Consequences of Industrialisation in Britain

In this report I am going to discuss the social consequences of industrialisation in Britain between 1800- and 1850. I will analyse the trends in population movements from rural settings to the city and discuss their causes. I will also discuss social structures of the time and explain how they were affected by industrialisation. I will analyse wealth in regards to distribution amongst the classes and how they differed.Lastly I will discuss such social conditions as living and working conditions, health and sanitation, law and order and education and reforms and laws which were set up as a means of trying to better people’s lives. Introduction Poverty was a concept that people in Britain in the Victorian age struggled with. Were the destitute victims of circumstances, idle and work shy or the victims of industrialisation?There was also the question of who should be responsible for the poor, should society take care of them or as many believed should they simply be left to thei r own devices? The hymn ‘All things bright and beautiful show a typical view on poverty; ‘The rich man in his castle, The poor man at his gate, God made them high and lowly, And ordered their estate. ’ With the onset of industrialisation and population shift, people began to question their place in society and anticipate whether they could indeed change this. Population migrationThe reasons for migration from the country to the city during the 18th and 19th centuries is mainly threefold, for one the population in the country began to grow, this is attributed to the drop in infant mortality rate and the surplus in births over deaths, secondly the invention of farm enhancing methods drastically reduced the need for an agricultural workforce, that, in conjunction with the development of large mass producing factories within the cities drew people away as there was more employment opportunity.Lastly, the north became a hub for large scale industrialisation as it was i n abundance with raw materials such as coal and iron which fuelled the rate of growth, while the south was the bread basket of the country. The population of northern cities such a Manchester grew from 25,000 in l772 to 303,000 by l850. By 1850, Britain was the only country in the world to have a larger urban population than rural. Social and occupational structure At the beginning of the 19th century, British population was very much ranked in classes; this was a way of assessing ones wealth and developing a social structure.The land owners and nobility were at the top of this structure, these people were the ones in change of the county. This power derived from the fact that only the wealthy land owners were permitted to vote therefore they would only permit laws which benefited themselves. With the rise of industrialization a new ‘middle class’ was born. This was usually wealthy merchants who had invested in factories and become very rich. They were not however alway s land owners and therefore unable to vote.The mill owners began to feel they deserved the right to vote. They indeed paid taxes and contributed heavily to the economy and in many cases were far wealthier than the blue blood land owners. The Whigs saw the middle classes push for the vote as a way to gain power, they knew if they could get a reformation on voting passed they would gain masses of support from the middle class. The Tories however resisted this. After the Whigs came to power in 1830, they tried several times to pass a reformation act, which the Tories repeatedly blocked.This was only passed when Earl Grey appealed directly to the king, who agreed to create more Whig lords. This did not please the Tory lords who then gave in and agreed to pass the Reformation Act. The working class where unaffected by this reformation in voting and began pushing for power and began organising trade unions to stand up for their rights against employers. The employers however banned groups of workers congregating in order to prevent them from rising up. Distribution of wealth Workers at this time were treated very badly, there were no laws specifying working times or wages.Meaning employers could pay as little as they wanted and workers were usually expected to work up to 19 hours per day 6 days a week. Work conditions were usually dangerous and accidents could easily happen. Despite these bad conditions however workers had little choice but to put up with them as work was hard to come by and there were often long lines of unemployed people queuing for their jobs. Many woman and children as young as 3 were employed in the factories until 1819 Cotton Mills act was passed preventing children under 9 from working and children under 16 from working more then 12 hours.Due to this exploitation of workers, the mill owners became fabulously wealthy. In addition to exploiting their workers, areas such as the textile trade imported cheap raw materials and sold them on for a la rge profit. Life in industrial cities Law and order Due to the poverty of many crime rates soared in the 19th century, in 1800 75% of these were petty thefts such as pick pocketing many of these were children, this is explored in Dickens’s Oliver twist, with his depiction of Fagin’s gang of pickpockets.Many people were also involved in marches as a way as campaigning for their rights and gaining fairer wages /wanting the right to vote and actions such as the luddites revolt. The judicial system of the time was varied and punishments such as prison, hanging and deportation was given out. In 1829 the Metropolitan Police were set up and in 1835 towns were allowed to set up their own police force. Education Before 1870, there was no standardised way of educating children in Britain; there was no Free State education until 1891.Prior to this the majority of children receiving education were those of the wealthy they were often educated at home by nannies. Once the boys were old enough (around 10/11) they would be sent to public school i. e. Eaton then progress to law school or become doctors. . Children of the poor were sent out to work when they were deemed old enough, education was not as important as earning a wage. However with the poor law amendment act, children entering the workhouse were also to receive education. Living conditions:Due to the rate of urban expansion houses were built quickly and were of poor quality, with areas often being referred to as ‘slums’. There was often housing shortages which resulted in cramped living spaces were whole families often lived in one room. ‘Hideous slums, some of them acres wide, some no more than crannies of obscure misery, make up a substantial part of the, metropolis †¦ In big, once handsome houses, thirty or more people of all ages may inhabit a single room’ Due to the high rent charges imposed by landlords and the growing demand for jobs many people became homeless an d ived on the streets. The streets were frightening places and this poverty and destitution gave rise to such social problems as alcoholism and prostitution as a way of escaping and making ends meet. Health conditions These cramp conditions also meant little to no sanitation which lead on to the spread of disease such as cholera, typhoid ad smallpox. In an article in 1849, author Henry Mayhew wrote how a ditch ran through the streets of London into which sewage emptied from this ditch the people would also drink. As we gazed in horror at it, we saw drains and sewers emptying their filthy contents into it; we saw a whole tier of doorless privies in the open road, common to men and women built over it; we heard bucket after bucket of filth splash into it’ Bad health for the poor can also be attributed to the corn law of 1804, in that the landowners imposed taxes on imported corn to protect their profits, thus making the price of bread, a staple of the poor mans diet, far more e xpensive. This in conjunction with a bad harvest in 1816 meant prices became higher still.Edwin Chadwick was a huge influence on the development of sanitation when he published ‘The Chadwick Report’ The Chadwick report In 1837, there were epidemics of influenza and typhoid. Edwin Chadwick was asked to compile a report looking at the living conditions of the poor. He conducted his report between 1839 and 1841. In his report he argued that disease was a direct result of poor sanitary conditions, concluding that reform must be made. In 1848 the ‘Public Health Act’ was passed. This act ensured that water and sewage supplies were clean as well as cleaning the streets and refuse collection was introduced.Chadwick was appointed Sanitation Commissioner and also president of the association of public sanitary inspectors in 1884. During his time in these roles he argued ways public health could be improved. These included the availability of fresh, clean water, water closets in every house and a sewage network which disposed of waste far away from inhabited areas. The old poor law The old poor law was introduced in 1601 and gave help to any poor person within the parish be it through monetary means, medical or the giving of food. This relief was paid for via poor rate, which was paid by local taxes.By 1832, the country was paying ? 7 million per anum to the able bodied poor and topping up low wages, something which the wealthy disagreed with. They argued that this encouraged laziness as a man knew he could work less and receive the same amount of money. They also argued it would have a negative effect on labouring, thus plunging the country into poverty. In 1834 a report was commissioned into bettering the welfare of the poor and reducing the government’s expenditure. The findings of this report lead onto the reform of the poor law. The poor law amendment act 1834Under this new act, the parishes were grouped into unions and each union wa s to build a workhouse. The unions were prevented from giving outside help to the poor and help was only accessible to those willing to give up their homes and enter the workhouses. The workhouses were deemed the ultimate humiliation to the poor and was meant to act as a deterrent to the able bodied poor. Conditions inside the workhouses were purposely bad and families were split up and sent to different living quarters. They were fed on basic food rations and children received education within the workhouses in exchange for several hours of daily manual labour.The workhouses were very unpopular and not all people agreed with the poor law. Richard Oastler referred to the workhouses as ‘prisons’ and several workhouses such as Andover Workhouse were published in the media for their horrific conditions. Charles dickens also sympathised with the poor stating in his novels that individuals in the workhouse were treated worse than criminals. ‘we have come to this absurd , this dangerous, this monstrous pass, that the dishonest felon is, in respect of cleanliness, order, diet, and accommodation, better provided for, and taken care of, than the honest pauper. Due to this the government set strict rules for the running of the workhouse. They were not always followed however. Conclusion It is evident that this period of history had a profound and ever-changing effect on the society of Britain, which can still be seen today. Many people suffered, sacrificed and fought for the rights to change their circumstances. New innovations and developments meant Britain became an industrial giant, and one of the wealthiest countries of its time. As well as a positive effect, like all things, there is also a negative. For the vast wealth created there were those who were exploited and became destitute.It can be argued however that this was necessary and without the suffering, progression would not have been possible. —————— ————————– [ 1 ]. C. Alexander 1848 [ 2 ]. Early Victorian Britain, J. F. C Harrison, Fontana press, London, 1988, Page 18 [ 3 ]. http://www. flowofhistory. com/units/eme/17/fc113 retrieved 20/01/12 [ 4 ]. http://www. spartacus. schoolnet. co. uk/Pwhigs. htm, retrieved 1/12/11 [ 5 ]. Early Victorian Britain, J. F. C Harrison, Fontana press, London, 1988, Page 39 [ 6 ]. Summary of the duties of a justice of the peace out of sessions, H Pye, J Butterworth and sons 1827, Page 43 [ 7 ]. ttp://vcp. e2bn. org/teachers/11466-timeline. html retrieved 28/1/12 [ 8 ]. http://www. bbc. co. uk/history/trail/victorian_britain/education_health/laissez_faire_07. shtml retrieved 28/1/12 [ 9 ]. The Victorian underworld, K Chesney, Penguin books, 1991 [ 10 ]. http://www. hiddenlives. org. uk/articles/poverty. html retrieved 28/1/12 [ 11 ]. http://www. spartacus. schoolnet. co. uk/PRcorn. htm retrieved 28/1/12 [ 12 ]. Edwin Chadwick, Poor la w and public health, R Watson, Longman group limited, England, 1990, page 6-15 [ 13 ]. A Christmas carol, C Dickens, Broadveiw press, 2003 page 204.

Movie Industry Essay

1)What competitive forces have challenged the movie industry? The movie industry is challenged by increased levels of high-speed Internet access, improved PCs with DVD readers and writers, easy-to-carry video devices, and leading-edge file-sharing services. These forces make the video download easier and faster than ever before. 2)What problems have these forces created? Meanwhile, benefits are not the only things came with these competitive forces, problems came as well. The movie industry has a recession. They cannot make revenue as much as before by releasing movies, people more like to download a free movie or even it is illegal rather than buy tickets or buy a DVD home. At the same time, these free download things also involve copyright infringement. Most of these download sources are from people who have no permission to upload these movies or clips. 3) What changes have these problems caused the movie and television studios to make? Movie companies have to make some changes to adapt to the market. They cooperate with sites such as CinemaNow and Movielink to sell downloadable movies online with a 24-hour watch time limitation. Describe the impact of disruptive technology on the companies discussed in this case. YouTube, a video-sharing website, started their operation up in 2005. Many YouTubers upload movies or movie clips without permission which infringe the right of major studios, including NBC Universal, Time Warner’s Warner Brothers Entertainment, and News Corporation’s Twentieth Century Fox. YouTube cannot deal with this situation well, because hot movie clips are from multiple users and they can be moved as quickly as they were posted. Major studios have a recession on the DVD market, and this infringement behavior leads they lose money in cinemas. Q3. 1)How have the movie studios responded to YouTube? The movie studios are seeking $1. 25 billion from YouTube. And before 2007, after Google purchased YouTube, the movie studios seek a way to cooperate with YouTube about establishing licensing agreements which make copyright content available legally. 2)What is the goal of the response? The goal of the response is to protect their rights from infringement. And their negotiation shows that the movie studios have realized it is important to put more attention to online digital market. The movie industry should move forward to a new potential market. 3) What can the movie studios learn from the music industry’s dealings with online digital music and copyright infringement? The movie studios should know it is an irresistible trend that improvements of the movie and music markets move towards to digitized media. Digitized media can promote new releases on time-saving and money-saving bases. And it is important protect copyright if you do not want to lose revenue in a biggest movie and music market. Q4. Should motion picture companies continue to use YouTube to promote their new films? Why or why not? Motion picture companies should continue to use YouTube to promote their new releases. There are three reasons. First, promotion on YouTube is time-saving. YouTube, this heavy traffic website, has millions of visitors which are much more than other video-sharing websites. Thousands of people around the world upload, download, watch and comment on YouTube every second. YouTubers can see a new release at the same time its promotion posted. Second, it is more money-saving. Promotion online saves the cost of advertising expenses (prints and related fees), DVDs stocks, shipping expenses and salaries of salesperson and other expenses in real-life stores. Third, it is trend that world is becoming smaller because of the Internet, and online promotion or release will be the most efficient way for a new product.

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Fed Gears Up For Stimulus - Federal Reserve of United States Assignment

Essays on Fed Gears Up For Stimulus - Federal Reserve of United States Assignment ï » ¿Fed Gears Up For Stimulus - Federal Reserve of United States Table of Contents Agreement with the Article 2 Reference 4 Bibliography 4 Summary The selected article is ‘Fed Gears Up For Stimulus’ published in The Wall Street Journal on October 26, 2010. The article is about Federal Reserve of United States and its policy regarding the weak economy and inflation. The Federal Reserve is framing the new policy with regards to the current economic situation by implementing different strategy to control the economic conditions. The Central Bank is going to reveal a program in US for the treasury bonds which were obtained during the financial crisis (Hilsenrath Cheng, â€Å"Fed Gears Up for Stimulus†). For pushing down the long term interest rate, Fed is aiming to drive up prices of long term bonds. But officials are trying to avoid this scenario as this approach allows them to adjust their policy. Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke is tying to implement the bond buying program as a monetary stimulus program. But the president of Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City believes that this would turn out to be an expensive monetary policy. From the view point of the investors, the expectation is high after the announcement of the program. But there is a debate among the investors and analysts regarding the policy. Due to such announcement there have been a lot of movements in the financial market. Certain Fed officials argue that the economy is in a long term transformation phase and the central bank should not make any decisions so early regarding the bond policies which might in future give rise to inflation or hit hard on the assets. Investors are still in doubt regarding how the policy of Mr. Bernanke will work but its effect is observed in the Dow Jones Industrial Average which was raised to 12% after the announcement of the bond policy. Along with this other commodities prices have increased and the US Dollar has gone down almost 10% against Euro. The chief objective of the program is to force long-term interest rates downward through pushing up the prices of the treasury bonds. Treasury policy has stumbled to about 2.6% in part as investors anticipate the Fed to be in the capital market for buying bonds. The policy is of acquiring 2-10 years maturity bonds but many of the Fed officials argue that it will be a long term loss which will not reap benefit at all. Agreement with the Article The article has focused upon the vital issue of the bond market in the present economic situation. It provides the view about the policy of long term bond program and the effect that has already taken place in Dow Jones. The expectation of investors and the concerns toward Fed has been depicted. In contrast to the issue, views of the other Fed officials are provided and an option for better argument regarding the issue is also shown. The involvements of the investors and the Central Bank in the article have provided a complete picture of the bond market issue. The article has accounted for both the view, i.e. in explaining Mr. Bernanke’s policy approach and that of other Fed officials with the Central Bank’s views. The article has been able to summarize the overall views about different opinions that make the article being agreed upon. There is a graphical representation provided in the article that makes it easy for understanding of this burning issue. Reference Hilsenrath, Jon Cheng, Jonathan. â€Å"Fed Gears Up for Stimulus†. October 27, 2010. The Wall Street Journal US, 2010. Bibliography Kendall, Brent. â€Å"Fed Won't Join Banks in Discount-Window Appeal†. October 27, 2010. The Wall Street Journal US, 2010.

Symptoms And Treatment Of Mental Illness - 3035 Words

Introduction Mental illness/disorder can be described as a change in a person’s cognitive, physical, emotional and/or behavioural control and organization that may cause distress in different areas of life (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). I chose mental illness as the affected population for the article in an inpatient setting; acute psychiatric and rehabilitative units. The normal length of stay in these places varies from a week to a year; the focus being on faster turnover in general. The shorter stays make it challenging and important for the art therapists in such settings, to modify and adapt their strategies, goals and group rules. All three articles deal with group art therapy and the modality used is visual art; drawing, sketching, painting (paper and textile) and murals. A typical session of art therapy is described by each author; detailing the method, modality, patients’ interpretation of the art work and discussion of the observations. The patient group in all three settings presented with various negative and positive symptoms as the result of psychoses, personality disorders, thought and mood disorders or abuse and self-harm. Some of the characteristics the therapists aimed to target were depression, aggression, hostility, and disorganization, poor sense of reality via distorted perception or object relation. Other personality traits that experienced a positive change were the patients’ self-esteem, confidence, and appetite and communicationShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Treatment Of Mental Illness3857 Words   |  16 Pagesof severe mental illness. Sometimes this mental illness can take the form of a personality disorder, which at present is considered incurable, or it can take the form of severe depression, for which there are currently many treatments. This paper aims to shed light as to how conditions beyond a person s control, such as mental illnesses like depression or personality disorders can cause these individuals to get into trouble with the law. Methods: Diagnosis and identification of mental conditionsRead MoreThe Canadian Mental Health Association1396 Words   |  6 PagesCanadian Mental Health Association estimates that 1 in 5 Canadians will develop a mental illness at some time in their lives.† Mental illness is defined as a mental pattern that causes an impaired ability to function normally in ordinary life. Mental illnesses can affect persons of any age, race, religion, or income and are not the result of personal weakness, lack of character or poor upbringing. A number of factors can contribute to whether an individual will develop a mental illness, with theseRead MoreMental Health : A Common Occurrence For People1622 Words   |  7 Pages MENTAL HEALTH (Name) (University) Mental Health Introduction It is a common occurrence for people to experience fear or sadness at one point in their lives. While this is acceptable dealing with fear or sadness has proven to be a challenging situation, calling for professional intervention. When fear or sadness becomes hard to deal with, people often use such diagnostic words as anxiety and depression. Apparently, anxiety and depression are the leading cause of global mental health problemRead MoreThe And Its Effects On Patients With Depression955 Words   |  4 Pagesserious illness and it was nothing to be ashamed of (Wolpert, 2001). Although something is said unintentionally a person with an illness will not know that and will take it in a different way. These can lead to a person feeling like they and/or their illness is not taken seriously or not being validated. Most likely this can lead to an individual not wanting to seek treatment because they have constantly heard their disorder is not a real concern as well as not wanting to seek treatment. Going backRead MoreThe Treatment Prospects For Schizophrenia1571 Words   |  7 PagesThe Treatment Prospects for Schizophrenia Cecilia Pivarunas Northern Virginia Community College Abstract Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that can present in many different ways. Most often, symptoms display in a negative or positive manner. While medications are on the market to mitigate symptoms, the optimal treatment method couples both pharmaceutical and psychiatric rehabilitation. The Patient Outcomes Research Team, commonly called PORT, has issued treatment recommendations for SchizophreniaRead MoreThe Documentary True Life Aired Their Twelfth Episode On Season1463 Words   |  6 Pagestheir daily routines recording how this illness affect their lives and how they manage to handle their mental illness. Each one of them experiences this illness different and that influences their decisions on medical care and the way they interactions others and the outside world. Society often sees people that suffer from schizophrenia as weird and crazy. It is common for society to want to separate them out from the rest of society by putting them in mental hospitals. Joshua is a 25 year old fromRead More Treating Concurrent Disorders Essay1700 Words   |  7 Pages Mental health is being aware, accepting yourself, and striking a balance in all aspects of your life like social, spiritual, physical, economical, and mental (Association, 2001). Mental health can be described as our positive interactions with the context and events in our life, and having the ability to cope with life’s stressors. Mental health problems can begin at anytime during your life (CAMH, 2010). In fact anything can make it difficult for an individual’s ability to interact effectivelyRead MoreMental Illness: The Main Symptoms of Schizophrenia 1546 Words   |  7 Pages Mental illness is seen throughout society as a negative subject, many suffer through not only with the disorders but, also the shame that comes along. In this article we will look at one of the most severe mental disorders in hopes of achieving a better knowledge of the disorder and to debunk some of the misconceptions of having a mental disorder. Approximately fifty million Americans suffer from mental illness. Of those fifty million only about twenty-five percent seek help due to the stigmaRead MoreSchizophrenia And Its Effects On Mental Illness Essay1270 Words   |  6 PagesSchizophrenia Schizophrenia is a mental illness that interferes with a person’s ability to think clearly, manage emotions, decision making, and relate to others. It’s a long-term medical illness affecting 1% of Americans. The causes of schizophrenia include genetics, environment, brain chemistry, and substance abuse. Schizophrenia occurs roughly in 10%of people who have a first-degree relative with the disorder such as a parent or sibling. (NAMI: National Alliance on Mental Illness | What is SchizophreniaRead MoreThe Problem Of Self Diagnosis1180 Words   |  5 Pages The main problem of self-diagnosis is that one symptom of an illness may be linked to several types of conditions a person is not aware of. Not having a healthcare professional whether a doctor or psychiatrist to evaluate the illness. The result could be deadly consequences person’s well-being. There’s so many reasons why people would prefer to have an online consultation treat their illness and not have an actual doctor to evaluate their problems. Cyberchondria is the proper term for people who

One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest free essay sample

One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey is considered to be a outburst of social protest against the policies of government, and what really makes us humans sane or insane. The â€Å"system† known as our government suppresses the individual spirit and mandates that everyone must conform to his or her mold of a model citizen. Those who don’t fit this mold are filtered into the â€Å"asylum† and deemed as mentally ill. Kesey demonstrates this concept with examples, which include the symbol of Nurse Ratched, and those what happened to those who went against the system. In the novel, Nurse Ratched serves as a symbol for conformity. She is the head Nurse of the asylum, and is the main voice on who leaves, and what actions should be done to make them fit for society’s robotic world. In every aspect, she oozes conformity. Even her appearance fits the mold of what society wants. When McMurphy faced her with rebellion, Chief describes how well and calmly she handles it. â€Å"Her face is still calm, as though she had a cast made and painted to just the look she wants. Confident, patient, and unruffled. No more little jerk, just that terrible cold face, a calm smile stamped out of red plastic; a clean, smooth forehead, not a line in it to show weakness or worry†(Kesey 99). In this world, which seems almost parallel to our own, everyone that is socially accepted into this culture looks and acts exactly the same. The intentional reference to plastic and smoothness describes her as being robotic and not a true human. Her description brings up the discussion of who in this world is exactly as we would put it, â€Å"normal†? In this novel, Nurse Ratched is the â€Å"model citizen† and teaches the patients on how they need to act to be considered suitable in real life society. The message she brings to the patients is that anyone who is at the least bit different belongs in this hospital and should accept the fact that they are mentally ill. Nurse Ratched initiates her control in the asylum by having a specific regimen that everyone must follow. She believes that in order to properly function in a thriving society, everyone must do the exact same thing on a very strict schedule. When McMurphy goes against his daily working agenda, Nurse Ratched finally breaks and shows him her fury. â€Å"’You’re committed, you realize. You are†¦ under the jurisdiction of me†¦ the staff. ’ She’s holding up a fist, all those red-orange fingernails burning into her palm. ‘Under jurisdiction and control†(Kesey 125). The author’s use of metaphors is to highlight Nurse Ratched’s undying need for things to go according to the schedule. The syntax within this sentence also emphasizes how control is established in the asylum. Italicizing â€Å"control† shows how according to the Nurse, if a patient wants to get out and into the real world, it is understood they will blindly obey the strict rules established in the ward. This also emulates how society has no room for those that don’t fit the frame of a well functioning and developing world. When McMurphy swaggers his way onto the ward, he is like a beacon of hope to the patients. He shows them that being yourself is a better way of leading your life rather than coincide to the way that society believes you should be. He taught the men t not take life too seriously, and went against Nurse Ratched whenever he felt she was in the wrong. After the suicide of Billy Bibbit, McMurphy, out of rage strangles Nurse Ratched. But, while he was choking the life out of the one who has caused these men’s insanity, he realizes as the orderlies and nurses pull him away, that there is no way of beating the system. â€Å"A sound of cornered-animal fear and hate and surrender and defiance, that if you ever trailed coon or cougar or lynx is like the last sound the treed and shot and falling animal makes as the dogs get him, when he finally doesn’t care any more about anything but himself and his dying†(Kesey 275). This quote is the foreshadowing of the death and utmost defeat of McMurphy. He knows as soon as his hands wrapped around her neck, it was all over. McMurphy was soon called for a lobotomy, and then is when he lost all traces of his humanity. Even though his message of courage and what it takes to be a man lives within all the patients, he is then shown to the ward as a constant reminder of what happens when you break ward policy. Another example of this is when Chief describes to McMurphy what happened to his father. His family owned a large amount of land on an Native American Reserve, until the federal government came and seized it from his tribe to industrialize it into a proper town. The damage that had been done to his father, who was forced to live among societies rules, tore every last bit of his soul apart. â€Å"My papa was real big. He did like he pleased. That’s why everybody worked on him. The last time I seen my father he was blind in the cities from drinking and every time he put the bottle to his mouth, he don’t suck out of it, it sucks out of him. . . . I’m not saying they killed him. The just worked on him, the way they’re working on you†(Kesey 189). Chief uses the symbol of size to describe how much courage and manliness his father possessed. This is also an example of how his father, desperate to escape from the pressures of society, drank his sorrows away. He drank until he was blinded by the crimes the government had done on his people. McMurphy believed that alcoholism killed Bromden’s father, but Chief disagrees. He believed his father died because the repression that was forced upon him drained every bit of man he had left in him. In One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey, the author uses strong doses of social commentary to make us see past this world we live in and see how insane we really are. Condemning people that are in any way unique to a facility that dehumanizes and put shame into men’s hearts only makes us look less sane and them less insane. Kesey uses examples such as Nurse Ratched, who represents the symbol of society, and what happens to those who go against authority and stay true to who they are. This novel was written so we can take a break and look past everything, and ask ourselves; what does it really mean to be insane?

Why some employees go to work when ill

While many organizations may be worried about absenteeism and its impact on the workplace, research has found that presenteeism is having a greater impact on the workplace (King 2012). Sickness presenteeism is a concept that refers to employees who attend work despite their ill health, or other factors that may distract them from being productive (Hansen and Andersen 2008).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why some employees go to work when ill specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to a survey report by the Work Foundation, more than 40% of employees go to work when ill as a result of pressure from managers and co-workers (King 2012). Thus, though some employees may choose to come to work when ill, this may prove detrimental to a firm in the long run in terms of lower worker productivity, and increasing firm’s costs. This paper will look into the underlying factors that cause employees to go to work de spite their ill health, and what employers should do to manage sickness presenteeism. Individual and organizational factors have an impact on why employees may choose to go to work even when sick. To begin with, organizational culture barriers which may be in the form of norms, workplace ethics, and workplace culture play a key role in sickness presenteeism (Bratton and Gold 2012). In some firms, bosses may penalise their employees for taking any sick days off, or may in general discourage this even if the employees are entitled to these privileges. As a result, this puts pressure on employees to attend work in order to protect their jobs (Dew, Keefe and Small 2005). Low sickness pay is another policy that organizations apply, so as to decrease sickness absenteeism which give employees more reasons to go to work even when they are sick. One’s responsibility towards the team is also a key reason why employees may choose to go to work even when they are sick. Some employees tak e it upon themselves to ensure that they do not fail their team members on any assigned task (Collins and Cartwright 2012). As a result, they put upon themselves the self-pressure to show up at work so as to fulfill their responsibilities. Thus, the fear of letting down their team members, and receiving negative reactions from them puts pressure on employees to go to work even though they are sick (Aronsson and Gustafsson 2005). Fear of replaceability also contributes to employees going to work when they are sick. Many people get their source of income from their various jobs, and the thought of losing these jobs to someone else as a result of taking sick leave prevents them from just staying at home (Wynne-Jones et al. 2009). As a result, majority opt to work, regardless of their ailment in order to avoid being replaced which ultimately translates to job loss.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Employer expectations also contribute to the reason why employees still go to work even though they are sick. In many cases, employees do not want to appear less committed to their jobs, and thus, work to keep up with the employer’s expectations. In other cases, employers place a lot of pressure and expectations on their employees, and therefore, employees fear failing their superiors, and also fear receiving disciplinary action (Pauly et al. 2008). In addition, due to the expectations placed on them, employees place pressure on themselves even when there is little work to be done. This is meant to build a good impression in order to secure chances of retaining their jobs, if ever layoffs arise. Self denial is also another reason why employees go to work despite being sick. Some employees convince themselves that even though they are not feeling very well, they are still well enough to go to work, and to carry out their responsibilities (How to deal with pr esenteeism in the workplace 2013.) The impact of sickness presenteeism cannot be ignored as it leads to low work productivity. This may result in businesses incurring huge losses, which should be effectively dealt with to avoid such losses. Sickness presenteeism has various negative effects in an organization; apart from low quality performance, one is also exposed to the danger of injuring themselves as one is not always in the right state of mind (Hansen and Andersen 2008). This, in the long run, may lower employee motivation as the organization does not create an environment of satisfaction and commitment (Hansen and Andersen 2009). Organizational culture plays a very crucial role on how sickness presenteeism is managed in the workplace. Culture, in this case, pertains to the set norms, or the behavioral rules which are a reflection of the organization’s values. Managers should address the cultural issues of the organization, which may have an impact on sickness presenteei sm. By redefining certain rules and norms, this may dispel any fears that employees have if they go against certain norms, and they may be more at ease (Kessler and Stang 2006). Additionally, creating a more open culture will also enhance communication between the employer and the employees. As such, employees will be more at ease to discuss their health problems with their employers, and this may prevent sickness presenteeism which has negative impacts on workplace productivity. Managers should also work on promoting a healthy work-life in order to reduce cases of presenteeism. Employees should be encouraged not to over-work so as to reduce incidences of stress during working periods (Kessler and Stang 2006). Through this, they will be able to pay full concentration on their work, and consequently, yield positive results.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why some employees go to work when ill specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another strategy that managers should implement is monitoring presenteeism in the workplace. Usually, it is much easier to identify absence in the workplace rather than presenteeism. Managers should be more aware of the negative impact of presenteeism, and should lay keen emphasis on monitoring it. This can be done by carrying out regular performance reviews, and employee satisfaction surveys in order to identify any problems facing the employees. Organizational policies that punish employees for being absent due to illnesses, for example, by not giving them their full pay are the causes of presenteeism. Thus, employees prefer going to work even when sick to losing their full pay. Hence, managers should come up with fair and flexible policies, which will be lenient to employees, and which will in the long run minimize cases of sickness presenteeism (Pickett 2012). By implementing these effective policies, employees will not face too much pressure to come to work when t hey are sick. Conclusion Sickness presenteeism is a concept that can lead to disastrous effects on organizations, if left unattended. Managers should put in place effective HR policies which may deal with this issue, and ensure productivity on the part of the employees. Through this, organizations will cut on losses incurred as a result of sickness presenteeism, because presenteeism eventually leads to absenteeism. This robs the organization off key players in the workplace translating to losses. Thus, to ensure success, managers should focus on working with a healthy workforce. Reference List Aronsson, G Gustafsson, K 2005, ‘Sickness presenteeism: Prevalence, attendance-pressure factors, and an outline of a model for research’, J Occup Environ Med, vol. 47, pp. 958-966. Bratton, J Gold, J 2012, Human Resource Management: Theory and Practice, 5thed, Palgrave Macmillan, UK. Collins, A Cartwright, S 2012, ‘Why come into work ill? Individual and organizational fac tors underlying presenteeism’, Employee Relations, vol. 34, no.4.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Dew, K, Keefe, V Small, K 2005 ‘Choosing’ to work when sick: workplace presenteeism’, Soc Sci Med, vol. 60, pp. 2273-2282. Hansen, CD Andersen JH 2008, ‘Going ill to work – What personal circumstances, attitudes and work-related factors are associated with sickness presenteeism?’ Soc Sci Med, vol. 67, pp. 956-964. Hansen, CD Andersen, JH 2009, ‘Sick at work – a risk factor for long-term sickness absence at a later date’, Journal of Epidemiology Community Health, vol. 63, pp. 397-402. How to deal with presenteeism in the workplace 9 April 2013. Web. Kessler, RC Stang, PE 2006, Health and work productivity: Making the business case for quality health care,University of Chicago Press, Chicago. King, M 2012 ‘Work days lost to sickness’, The Guardian. Web. Pauly MV, Nicholson S, Polsky D, Berger ML Sharda C 2008, ‘Valuing reductions in on-the-job illness: Presenteeism from managerial and economic perspec tives’, Health Economics, vol. 17, pp. 469-485. Pickett, P 2012, The cost of presenteeism. Web. Wynne-Jones, G, Buck, R, Varnava, A, Philips, C Main, C.J 2009, ‘Impacts on work absence and performance: What really matters?’ Occupational Medicine, vol. 59, pp. 556-562. This essay on Why some employees go to work when ill was written and submitted by user Casey Carter to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.